The SHELL Model

The SHELL Model

(a)   In 1984, Frank Hawkins proposed that the interactions between people are also a significantarena for error generation. He proposed the addition of another Liveware to the model to take into account the interactions between people forming the interface Liveware-Liveware. This made the SHELL Model. (Figure 1.2)

Figure 1.2: SHELL Model

(b)     Liveware–Liveware: This is the interface between people.

In aviation, maintenance and aircrew training and proficiency testing have traditionally been conducted on individual basis. If each individual engineer/air crewmember is proficient, then it is normally assumed that the team of maintenance/operation team comprising those individuals is also be effective. But this is not always the case.  Interactions among team members play an important role in determining team performance.

In this L-L interface, Human Factors concentrates on errors caused by miscommunication between individuals, poor teamwork in small group situations, ineffective leadership by supervisors and managers that generate errors on the workshop floor. Staff management relationships are also within the scope of this interface.